But the broader landscape of genetic research involving Indigenous peoples includes examples where the caution and ethical sophistication demonstrated in this study have been absent, and where genetic frameworks have been applied to Indigenous identity questions in harmful ways.

The Ongoing Question of Sitting Bull’s Burial

The dispute over where Sitting Bull’s remains actually are — and who has legitimate authority over decisions about his burial — is one of the most unresolved dimensions of the story that the DNA study has illuminated without settling.

After Sitting Bull was killed at Standing Rock in December 1890, he was buried at the agency cemetery.

That location was part of what is now North Dakota.