The recognition of the family’s identity as direct descendants of Tatanka Iyotake was, in every meaningful sense, overdue.

But the reckoning is incomplete because the conditions that produced the original taking have not been fully transformed.

The legal frameworks governing how museums hold and repatriate Native American remains and belongings remain imperfect and unevenly enforced.

The scientific community’s relationship with Indigenous communities around research involving ancestral remains remains contested and in development.

The specific disputes about the recognition of Sitting Bull’s burial and the authority of his family over decisions related to his legacy remain unresolved.

The DNA study did not settle these questions.