The Panamanian ancient genomes contribute to understanding the genetic relationship between North and South American populations at an early period and help constrain the timing of population divergence events.

The overall pattern from the growing dataset of ancient South American genomes is one of genuine complexity.

There is not a simple uniform signal that appears in all early South Americans.

There are variations between individuals and between populations that reflect the specific local histories of different communities — local population dynamics, genetic drift, admixture events that may have been localized rather than continental in scale.

This complexity is, arguably, exactly what should be expected.