The osteoarchaeological analysis provided the direct forensic evidence of bone modification and skull treatment.

The ancient DNA analysis established the biological relationship between the two individuals and their connections to distant populations.

The isotope analysis contributed information about diet and, potentially, geographic origins.

The radiocarbon dating established the chronological framework within which all of these other observations must be placed.

Each of these analytical streams has its own limitations and its own characteristic uncertainties.

Ancient DNA from poorly preserved material may be incomplete or degraded in ways that affect interpretations.