The DNA analysis cannot yet distinguish confidently between Norman, Flemish, and Scandinavian ancestry at this level of resolution.

The continental European signal is genuine and significant, but it narrows the field of possibilities without identifying a single origin.

This is not a failure of the science; it is an honest representation of what the science can establish.

Ancient DNA analysis is a powerful tool that has transformed understanding of prehistory and the early historical period, but it works within statistical and technical limits.

Researchers report what the data shows, including its uncertainties.