The North Sea trade networks of the eleventh century connected the Humber ports to Flemish textile centers, to the Rhineland, to the Baltic.

A merchant or a craftsman with roots in the Low Countries would show continental European ancestry.

The DNA cannot, with the methods currently available and applied, distinguish cleanly between these possibilities in a way that settles the question of his specific origins.

What it does confirm is that he was not simply a local man of entirely Anglo-Saxon heritage.

His roots went somewhere across the sea.

The Norman Conquest: The World He Survived