It was already present in the human repertoire, expressed in ways appropriate to the specific conditions of different times and places.

The lesson of Göbekli Tepe is not that hunter-gatherers were secretly civilized in the modern sense, or that the agricultural transition was unimportant, or that complex society could have developed without the specific historical conditions that produced it.

The lesson is more modest and more important: that human beings have been socially sophisticated, culturally rich, and capable of extraordinary collective achievement for a very long time.

The evidence of that sophistication extends deeper into the past than the old model supposed.