The Pillar Carving Process

The technical process of carving the elaborate imagery onto the Göbekli Tepe pillars is, in its specific details, an expression of considerable craftsmanship operating within the constraints of Stone Age technology.

The primary tools available to PPN craftspeople for working limestone were stone tools — primarily flint and obsidian implements of various forms — and ground stone implements such as stone balls, hammerstones, and grinding stones.

The limestone of the Göbekli Tepe pillars is relatively soft compared to many stone types, which makes it more accessible to working with stone tools, but it still required sustained, skilled effort to produce the relief carving that covers the pillar surfaces.