Between these posts, a constant flow of canoes, horses, and foot travel connected the enterprise.

The Indigenous nations of the Columbia Plateau were not external to this network.

They were part of it.

The Nez Perce, the Walla Walla, the Cayuse, the Umatilla — each of these nations had developed specific relationships with the trade that reflected their own interests, their own assessments of what the trade offered and what it cost them.

Horses, which were essential to the interior trade, moved through these Indigenous networks in large numbers.

Food, guidance, information about conditions and routes — all of this flowed through the relationships between the trade and the Plateau peoples.