They could and did accumulate the skills and objects that constituted wealth in the Plains economy.

A woman known for her skill in tanning or beading had a specific kind of social status derived from that skill.

Women also had specific roles in relation to warfare.

The akicita — the warrior societies that organized military activity and camp policing — were male institutions.

But women supported the warriors: they prepared food for war parties, maintained the camp during warriors’ absences, cared for the wounded when they returned.

Women also participated in the social rituals that marked a warrior’s courage — the celebrations after successful raids or battles, the mourning ceremonies for those who did not return.