It is a richer and more nuanced story.

It is also, the evidence increasingly suggests, closer to the truth.

The Shanidar Cave After the Neanderthals

Shanidar Cave did not cease to be occupied when the Neanderthals who used it during the Middle Paleolithic were replaced by anatomically modern humans moving into the region.

The cave’s favorable location continued to attract people across a vast span of subsequent time.

Anatomically modern human occupation layers at Shanidar date to the Upper Paleolithic — the period from roughly 40,000 years ago onward — and continue through the Epipaleolithic and into the Neolithic and later periods.