People used this cave for a very long time.

The earliest occupation layers at Shanidar date to approximately 100,000 years ago.

The cave was used, intermittently, across a span that covers much of what archaeologists call the Middle Paleolithic — the period associated with Neanderthal populations in Europe and western Asia.

Layers of sediment built up over that time: ash from fires, bone from meals, stone tools, and, eventually, human remains.

The remains of at least ten Neanderthal individuals have been identified at Shanidar.