They maintained social relationships across distance, which may have required conventional symbols or markers in addition to spoken language.

All of this happened in a language — or perhaps in a family of related languages — that has left no trace, produced no descendants, and will never be known.

The linguistic heritage of Zlatý kůň’s people vanished as thoroughly as their genetic heritage.

More thoroughly, in fact, since at least we have the genome; the language is utterly gone.

This is one of the most profound silences in human history.

The words that were spoken in the caves and on the open steppe of ice-age Bohemia 45,000 years ago are as irretrievably lost as anything can be.