STANDING BEAR WAS ARRESTED FOR TRYING TO GO HOME – THEN HIS CASE FORCED A U.S. COURT TO DECIDE IF A NATIVE MAN WAS A “PERSON”

The homeland was Ponca.

The removal was a Ponca removal.

The people who died were members of Ponca families.

The later termination and restoration were chapters in Ponca political history.

The case matters to broader Native civil-rights history precisely because its specific roots are real.

THE WORD “PERSON” WAS ONLY THE BEGINNING OF THE LEGAL PROBLEM