For skin pigmentation, the Yamnaya migration was significant: the Yamnaya carried genetic variants associated with lighter skin pigmentation that were distinct from the variants carried by the Neolithic Anatolian farmers.

The modern light pigmentation of northern Europeans is the result of multiple population inputs, including both Neolithic and Yamnaya contributions, overlaid on a small residual WHG background.

Cheddar Man’s dark skin, in this context, reflects the beginning of this story.

He lived before any of the subsequent population turnovers.

His genome shows the baseline from which the genetic history of Britain’s Mesolithic people would eventually be transformed beyond recognition.

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