This knowledge is the product of extended familiarity with a specific ecosystem, built up over generations of careful observation and transmitted from one generation to the next.

This kind of ecological knowledge is exactly what living Athabascan communities have been developing and transmitting for as long as their communities have been in the region.

The specific knowledge of salmon behavior, river conditions, and fishing techniques that contemporary Athabascan families use when they go to their fish camps on the Tanana and its tributaries is the current form of a knowledge tradition that extends back at least 11,500 years.

The genetics can document the biological continuity between ancient and modern populations — or the lack thereof.