In caves, multiple processes can disturb stratigraphic integrity.

Frost heaving — the movement of sediment particles caused by the expansion of water as it freezes — can displace materials vertically, moving older objects upward and newer objects downward in ways that confound the expected stratigraphic sequence.

Burrowing animals — rodents, in particular — create tunnels through sediment that mix materials from different layers.

Carnivores occupying caves as dens carry material in and out and may rearrange existing deposits.

Water infiltration through the cave ceiling or walls can transport materials both horizontally and vertically.