Sites in slightly different geographic positions, on the now-submerged portions of the Beringian landscape, are gone.

This is one of the reasons why the evidence from Bluefish Caves carries such weight.

It is among the very few surviving windows into the Beringian human occupation that most of the archaeological record has irretrievably lost.

The Permafrost Problem and the Preservation Miracle

The permafrost that characterizes much of the northern Yukon — ground that remains frozen year-round, with only the surface “active layer” thawing in summer — is simultaneously the reason why the Bluefish Caves bones are preserved and a source of complications for their analysis.

Permafrost preserves organic material extraordinarily well.