Modern human beings — anatomically, physiologically, cognitively modern — have existed for at least 300,000 years.

The people who made the marks on the Bluefish Caves horse mandible were not primitive proto-humans struggling with the first tentative steps of cognitive development.

They were people with fully modern brains, with language, with the capacity for all the cultural complexity that any living human society exhibits.

What changed in the 24,000 years between those marks and the present is not human biology.

It is human history — the accumulated layers of technological development, social organization, ecological knowledge, and cultural elaboration that human communities produce over time.