Archaeological evidence, on the other hand, is geographically and chronologically specific.

It tells us that people were at a particular place at a particular time, doing particular things.

The cut marks on the Bluefish Caves horse mandible are evidence of people at those caves, approximately 24,000 years ago, processing horse carcasses.

This specificity is exactly what genetic models cannot provide.

The convergence of the genetic models — which predict a Beringian population during the Last Glacial Maximum — with the archaeological evidence from Bluefish Caves — which places people in eastern Beringia during the Last Glacial Maximum — is a case of two independent lines of evidence pointing at the same historical reality.

Each line of evidence has its own limitations and uncertainties.