It was a resource, a raw material, a presence in the landscape so enormous and so constant that it structured daily life in multiple ways.

Mammoth meat was food.

Mammoth bones and tusks were building material — the heavy bones of the skeleton were used as structural elements in shelters, as weights for holding down hides, as raw material for tool-making.

Mammoth ivory was the most prestigious and most worked material in the Upper Paleolithic toolkit — the ivory of choice for figurines, ornaments, beads, and the kinds of objects found in the Mal’ta burial.

The people who hunted mammoths were not the clumsy, club-wielding primitives of popular imagination.