A rider on a horse could cover 50 to 100 kilometers per day.

The horse multiplied human mobility by a factor of two to four, transforming what was possible in terms of trade, communication, warfare, and pastoral management.

For steppe nomads, this mobility was not merely convenient; it was constitutive.

The nomadic life — following herds across vast distances, moving between summer and winter pastures, ranging over territories that would have been impossible to manage on foot — was only possible because of horses.

The Pazyryk were exceptional equestrians by the standards of the ancient world.