Second, the development of more sensitive chemical detection methods for arecoline and related compounds in ancient dental tissue.

The detection in the Sulawesi specimens was achieved with existing methods; improvements in analytical sensitivity might allow detection in specimens where the chemical signal is weaker or less well-preserved.

Third, the investigation of other pre-agricultural forager sites in Southeast Asia and the Pacific for evidence of betel nut use or other psychoactive plant use.

The Sulawesi evidence is suggestive of broader regional patterns that are not yet documented.

Fourth, the examination of other ancient dental collections from other parts of the world for comparable diagnostic markers of sustained psychoactive plant use.