Areca nuts on Sulawesi fall squarely in this size range.

Other objects of similar size that might have been held in the mouth would need to be identified and excluded.

The research team’s consideration of alternative explanations for the wear pattern — other possible habits or objects — is part of the evidence that supports the betel nut hypothesis.

The chemical detection of arecoline in the dental tissue is the confirmation that transforms the wear pattern from a plausible hypothesis to a supported finding.

Wear alone could, in principle, result from other habits.