The Literature Before This Study: What Was Assumed

The Sulawesi study makes its contribution to a specific literature — the archaeology of psychoactive plant use and its origins — and understanding the prior state of that literature helps appreciate the significance of the new finding.

Before the Sulawesi paper, the conventional timeline for the earliest evidence of human drug use looked roughly like this:

13,000 years ago: Beer brewing residues from Raqefet Cave, Israel.

This was the oldest direct chemical evidence of a psychoactive substance produced intentionally by humans.