The Sulawesi paper shifts the upper bound of the direct evidence significantly.

The 16,000 to 25,000 year date for the betel nut specimen is not simply a few thousand years older than the previous record; it is twice to nearly twice as old.

It extends the evidence into the Last Glacial Maximum, into a period that was previously thought to be too distant in time for this kind of behavioral evidence to have survived.

The fact that it does survive — in the form of chemically detectable arecoline traces in dental tissue — reflects both the exceptional qualities of tooth enamel as a preservation medium and the specific favorable conditions of the Sulawesi cave deposits.