The Mammoth Steppe was not a steppe in the way we might picture a Central Asian grassland.

It was a cold, dry, highly productive grassland-tundra ecosystem that extended across vast areas of northern Eurasia and into Beringia — the land bridge connecting Siberia to Alaska — during the Pleistocene.

The dominant vegetation was grasses, sedges, and herbs — not trees.

Trees require sufficient warmth and moisture that the glacial north could not provide.

But the grassland was rich.

It supported enormous biomass.

Enormous in the literal sense: the animals that grazed it were some of the largest that have ever walked the Earth.