When you dig into permafrost, you dig into time.

The ice does not filter the record in the same way.

It preserves indiscriminately, keeping whatever was there at the moment of freezing, maintaining it against the processes that otherwise unmake biological material.

The result is an archive whose richness is qualitatively different from what temperate-zone archaeology can provide — not just more material, but different material, material that gives us access to parts of ancient life that are otherwise permanently invisible.

At Yana, what the ice kept was remarkable in its range.