The discovery of such populations is one of the most transformative contributions of ancient DNA research to our understanding of human prehistory.

Before ancient DNA, researchers could only study the variation in modern genomes and try to infer, backward through time, what the earlier genetic landscape must have looked like.

The result was inevitably a simplification, because the modern genetic landscape is the product of thousands of years of mixing that has blurred and obscured many earlier signals.

Ancient DNA cuts through this blurring.

It provides snapshots of the genetic landscape at specific moments in the past, allowing researchers to see populations that no longer exist as distinct groups.