World Museum Liverpool holds one of the most significant Egyptological collections in the United Kingdom, accumulated through the active archaeological programs of the early and mid-twentieth century.

The fact that NUE001’s remains were in an accessible collection — properly curated, with clear provenance documentation — was essential to the research.

Ancient DNA studies require not just well-preserved biological material but documented context: knowing where the individual came from, what the burial context was, and what associated artifacts or features could provide dating information.

Garstang’s careful documentation of the Nuwayrat excavation, and the subsequent curation of the materials at World Museum Liverpool, made it possible for modern researchers to combine the genetic analysis with the archaeological context that gives the genetic findings their meaning.

The radiocarbon dating that placed NUE001 between 2855 and 2570 BCE was performed on his skeletal material as part of the study, providing the chronological framework that situates the genome in the specific historical period of the Early Dynastic to Old Kingdom transition.