Skoglund’s comment about the passage of forty years is not merely historical color.

It is a statement about the persistence of a scientific question and the gradual development of the tools needed to answer it.

“Forty years have passed since the early pioneering attempts to retrieve DNA from mummies without successful sequencing of an ancient Egyptian genome,” he noted at the time of the study’s publication.

“Ancient Egypt is a place of extraordinary written history and archaeology, but challenging DNA preservation has meant that no genomic record of ancestry in early Egypt has been available for comparison.”

That comparison is now, finally, possible.