It needed tin for bronze.

Mesopotamia, for its part, had little stone and little timber but abundant agricultural land in the river valleys, and it produced surplus grain, textiles, and manufactured goods that it traded widely.

The Mesopotamian city-states of the third millennium — Ur, Uruk, Lagash, Nippur — were sophisticated urban centers with complex administrative systems, and they traded through networks that reached from the Persian Gulf to the Levant and beyond.

Between Egypt and Mesopotamia lay the Levant — modern Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria — whose coastline and inland routes served as the corridor through which goods and people could move between the Nile and the Tigris-Euphrates valleys.