And they were not complete genomes — they were partial sequences from target-enriched analysis, providing somewhere between 90,000 and 400,000 genotyped positions rather than the full three billion base pairs of the complete human genome.

For the era that most people mean when they say “ancient Egypt” — the age of the pyramids, the Old Kingdom, the Early Dynastic period, the great pharaohs who built the civilization from its foundations — there was no genomic data at all.

Until the tooth.

The Man At Nuwayrat: NUE001

He is known in the scientific literature as NUE001 — a designation that reflects the precision of the genetic database rather than the full complexity of a human life, but one that will stand as this individual’s permanent scientific identity.

NUE001 was an adult male.