Modern Egyptians show a genetic profile that reflects the same North African and Near Eastern ancestry components visible in ancient populations, along with the additional contributions of the many populations that have interacted with the Nile Valley across the centuries since the pharaonic period ended — Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Turks, and others.

Ancient genomics can, in principle, trace the contributions of different historical populations to the modern Egyptian genetic profile — a project that would require extensive sampling of both modern and ancient individuals across the full span of Egyptian history.

These are the questions that will drive the next generation of ancient Egyptian genomics.

The success of NUE001 has demonstrated that the technical obstacles to this research are not insurmountable.

The development of local capacity in Egyptian institutions — the ancient DNA lab at the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization, mentioned by the researchers as an important infrastructure development — means that future research will be conducted with better Egyptian scientific participation and leadership.