Proteomics: The analysis of proteins preserved in Ötzi’s tissues can provide information about metabolism, health, and biology that the genome alone does not capture.

Proteins are the functional products of genes, and their presence and condition in preserved tissue reflects the biological activity of the living person.

Ancient pathogen genomics: The characterization of the specific strains of Borrelia burgdorferi and Helicobacter pylori in Ötzi’s body, and of any other pathogens that might be detected, can provide information about the ecology of infectious disease in Copper Age Europe and the evolutionary history of pathogens that still affect modern populations.

Material analysis: The continuing analysis of Ötzi’s equipment — the specific plant species used, the geographic origins of his raw materials, the techniques of manufacture — with increasingly sensitive analytical methods continues to provide new information about Copper Age technology and trade.