He had eaten well, recently, in a manner consistent with someone settling in for a rest after a meal rather than someone on urgent flight.

This detail would become significant in the investigation of how he died.

How Ötzi Died: A Murder Investigation Across Millennia

For the first decade or more after Ötzi’s discovery, the cause of his death was debated.

Various scenarios were proposed: he had been caught in a sudden storm and died of exposure.

He had fallen and been injured.

He had died from exhaustion.

The definitive answer came in 2001, when X-ray examination of his left shoulder revealed something that had been missed in earlier analysis: the flint tip of an arrow, lodged in his left shoulder.