The result was a genome of substantially higher quality than the 2012 version: higher coverage (meaning more of the genome was read, and read multiple times), better authentication, and less contamination.

And when the researchers analyzed this cleaner, more complete genome, the steppe ancestry that had appeared in the 2012 analysis was gone.

Completely.

There was no steppe ancestry in Ötzi’s genome when the contamination was properly excluded.

This was the first major finding of the 2023 analysis: the correction of an error in the 2012 dataset. Ötzi did not have steppe ancestry.

He was not an outlier in the genetic landscape of Copper Age Europe.