The 2025 study compared the Checua individuals against a comprehensive set of ancient genomes from across the Americas, including individuals from North America, Central America, and multiple South American regions.

The ancient North American genomes included the Anzick-1 individual from Montana (associated with Clovis culture and approximately 12,600 years old), ancient individuals from California’s Channel Islands (early coastal inhabitants of North America), and various other North American ancient genomes.

Ancient Central American genomes included individuals from Panama that provided the comparison population most closely matched by the Herrera-period Altiplano individuals.

Ancient South American genomes included individuals from Brazil, Peru, Chile, Argentina, and other regions across the continent.