The Checua lineage shows no specific affinity to the populations compared in this study.

Whether it shows affinity to populations not yet sampled is an open question.

The Physical Evidence Alongside The Genetic

The genetic analysis that forms the centerpiece of the 2025 study exists alongside a much longer tradition of physical anthropological research on the remains from Checua and other Altiplano sites.

The relationship between the two types of evidence is important to understand.

Physical anthropology — the study of human skeletal remains to determine biological characteristics — has been applied to Colombian archaeological material for many decades.