The plateau sits at roughly 2,600 meters above sea level — the same elevation as the city of Bogotá today — in a basin created by the complex geological history of the Andes.

The climate was cooler and more variable than at lower elevations, with cold nights and a climate that supported grassland, high-altitude wetlands called ciénagas, and the forests that grew at the edges of the basin and in protected valleys.

The animal life of the middle Holocene Altiplano included deer, which would have been a primary prey animal for hunter-gatherers.

The wetlands supported abundant bird life.

The rivers and lakes provided fish.