The genes did not.

This finding illustrates a pattern that ancient DNA research has documented repeatedly in various parts of the world: cultural transformation and genetic replacement are not always linked.

People can change their cultural practices dramatically while maintaining biological continuity with their predecessors.

Conversely, major genetic changes — as occurred between the Checua and Herrera periods — can accompany cultural change, but this is not inevitable.

The Muisca case is an example of cultural elaboration without genetic discontinuity.