The most pressing need is for ancient DNA from the four-thousand-year gap in the Altiplano time series.

Individuals who lived on the plateau between roughly 6,000 and 2,000 years before present would allow researchers to determine when the genetic transition began, how long it took, and whether it involved gradual admixture or abrupt replacement.

Finding well-preserved individuals from this period and extracting usable DNA from them would be technically challenging but enormously informative.

Geographic expansion of the ancient DNA sample is equally important.

The 2025 study covers the Bogotá Altiplano and the adjacent Guane territory — a small portion of Colombia’s diverse geography.