Understanding how population movements propagated through these intermediate regions is crucial for connecting the Bogotá Altiplano findings to the broader South American picture.

The question of whether any living populations carry detectable traces of Checua-related ancestry also deserves investigation.

The comparison populations included in the 2025 study were extensive, but not exhaustive.

More comprehensive sampling of contemporary Indigenous communities from Colombia and adjacent regions, combined with larger ancient genomic datasets from early periods, might detect signals of Checua-related ancestry that the current analysis could not resolve.

Finally, the study’s findings about the persistence of Central American ancestry through the Muisca period raise questions about what happened to that ancestry after Spanish contact.