It requires sophisticated computational methods to assemble the fragments of ancient sequence into something coherent.

And it requires careful authentication procedures to verify that the sequences identified as ancient are genuinely from the individual being studied and not from contaminants.

When the ancient DNA team at the Max Planck Institute completed their extraction and initial sequencing of the Denisova 11 fragment, what they saw made them look twice.

The nuclear DNA — the genetic material in the cell nucleus, inherited from both parents — was unexpected.

Very unexpected.