This evidence is consistent with a system of highly concentrated personal authority, of the kind that the chiefdom model describes.

But other lines of evidence suggest a more complex picture.

The residential archaeology of Cahokia does not show the extreme economic polarization that some chiefdom models would predict — the gap between elite and commoner households, while real, is not as extreme as in some other complex societies.

The evidence for craft production shows a distributed pattern rather than the concentrated elite-controlled production that some chiefdom models expect.

The construction history of the mounds shows evidence of community labor that may have been organized at multiple levels rather than commanded entirely from the top.