Eve Ball’s editing of Kaywaykla’s accounts inevitably shaped how they appear on the page — the specific word choices, the transitions between topics, the level of detail preserved at each point.

But the core of what Kaywaykla testified — the specific capabilities of specific people, the specific events of specific campaigns, the specific relationships between specific individuals — was the product of his own memory and the community tradition he carried.

Geronimo’s Own Account and Lozen’s Absence From It

One of the revealing silences in the written record about Lozen is her near-total absence from Geronimo’s own account of his life and the Apache resistance.

Geronimo dictated his autobiography to Stephen Melvil Barrett in 1905-1906, published as Geronimo: His Own Story in 1906.