From the Apache perspective, they were a necessary response to the seizure of Apache land and resources — a means of obtaining from the people who had displaced them the material necessary to survive.

The specific targets of these raids — cattle, horses, weapons, ammunition, food supplies — reflect the specific material needs of a fighting force in the field.

The ability to conduct successful raids, to obtain the resources needed without taking casualties that the small band couldn’t afford, was one of the essential skills of the resistance fighters.

Lozen’s participation in these raids — attested in the oral accounts — reflects her full participation in every aspect of the resistance, not just the fighting.

She was not a specialist in one dimension of the resistance.