He argued that the Camp Weld meeting had not constituted any promise of protection, that the chiefs had not been told they could camp at Sand Creek safely, and that the attack was a legitimate military operation against hostile forces.

The congressional investigation rejected Chivington’s account.

The testimony of the officers who had been at Fort Lyon — who had made the specific representations to Black Kettle about safety at Sand Creek — contradicted it directly.

The Silence of the Condemned

One of the most striking aspects of the aftermath of Sand Creek is how quickly the documentary record closes around what happened.

The congressional investigation was thorough.