It did not die when the Great Sioux War ended.

It did not die when the Lakota were confined to reservations.

It survived as a legal document, ratified by the Senate, signed by the president, creating obligations of the United States that the U.S.

Supreme Court confirmed in 1980 were real and enforceable.

The path from Red Cloud’s War to the 1980 Supreme Court ruling traces an unbroken legal thread through more than a century of American history.

The Sioux Nation filed their legal claim in the Indian Claims Commission in 1923 — just fourteen years after Red Cloud’s death.