What they could do — and did, with great effectiveness — was maintain sustained pressure on the Army’s operational environment at a level that made the forts increasingly costly to maintain.

Every attack on a wood train required the garrison to divert military resources to protection.

Every raid on a supply train increased the cost of supplying the post.

Every skirmish that killed or wounded soldiers reduced the garrison’s effective strength and morale.

Every civilian death on the trail further reduced the civilian traffic that justified the forts’ existence in the first place.

The coalition did not need to defeat the Army in a decisive battle to achieve its objective.